Transmission and Risk Factors

How FIV Spreads

Primary Route:

• Deep Bite Wounds: The main transmission method is through the saliva of an infected cat entering the bloodstream of another via a fight bite.

Does NOT Spread By:

• Casual contact (sharing food bowls, water dishes, or litter boxes)
• Mutual grooming
• Sneezing or coughing
• From a mother to her kittens (this is very rare)

High-Risk Cats

Cats with the following profiles are at significantly greater risk:

• Outdoor Access: Especially those who get into fights.
• Male Cats: 2-3 times more likely to be infected than females.
• Unneutered Males: Higher testosterone levels increase roaming and fighting behavior.
• Adult Cats (5+ years): Risk accumulates with age and exposure.

Prevalence Statistics

Recognizing FIV: Stages and Symptoms

Clinical Stages of FIV

1. Acute Phase (1-3 months post-infection): Often mild or unnoticed; may include brief fever and swollen lymph nodes.
2. Asymptomatic Phase: Can last for months to many years. The cat appears healthy while the virus replicates slowly.
3. Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy: Swollen lymph nodes throughout the body; the cat may still seem healthy.
4. AIDS-Related Complex (ARC): The immune system weakens, leading to recurrent minor infections, weight loss, and poor coat quality.
5. Feline AIDS: Severe immunosuppression results in life-threatening opportunistic infections, cancers (like lymphoma), and neurological issues.

Common Symptoms to Watch For

Early/Recurrent Signs:

• Persistent or recurrent fever
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chronic or recurrent infections (skin, respiratory, bladder)

Advanced Signs:

• Severe dental disease (stomatitis)
• Persistent diarrhea
• Chronic eye inflammation
• Seizures or other neurological changes
• Cancer

Diagnosis and Testing

Testing Methods

1. ELISA/SNAP Test (Screening): The most common in-clinic test detects FIV antibodies. Results in minutes.
2. Western Blot or IFA (Confirmatory): A more specific lab test used to confirm a positive ELISA result.
3. PCR Test: Detects the virus's genetic material directly. Useful for clarifying status in kittens or vaccinated cats.

Important Testing Considerations

• Kittens Under 6 Months: May test positive due to antibodies from an infected mother. Retest after 6 months of age.
• Vaccination History: The discontinued FIV vaccine caused cats to test positive on antibody tests. Know your cat's history.
• Always Confirm: A single positive test, especially in a healthy cat, should be confirmed with a second method.

Treatment, Management, and Cost

Treatment Philosophy

There is no cure for FIV. Management focuses on:

• Maintaining a strong immune system.
• Preventing secondary infections.
• Providing prompt, aggressive treatment for any illness.

Antiviral drugs like AZT or interferon are reserved for specific, symptomatic cases and are not routinely used.

Essential Management Strategies

1. Indoor-Only Lifestyle: Non-negotiable. Protects your cat from pathogens and prevents spread to other cats.
2. Optimal Nutrition: Feed a high-quality, balanced commercial diet. Avoid raw diets due to bacterial risk.
3. Stress Reduction: Maintain a stable, predictable routine. Use pheromone diffusers (Feliway) if needed.
4. Proactive Veterinary Care: Schedule wellness exams every 6 months. Annual blood work and vigilant dental care are critical.
5. Parasite Control: Maintain strict flea, tick, and worm prevention.

Cost Overview for FIV Management

Prognosis and Living with FIV+ Cats

Life Expectancy and Quality of Life

The prognosis is often good! Many FIV+ cats live for 5+ years post-diagnosis, and many reach a normal feline lifespan (12-15+ years). Their quality of life can be excellent, with normal play, affection, and daily routines.

Multi-Cat Households

FIV is primarily spread through bites. In a stable, indoor household where cats do not fight, the risk to FIV-negative cats is very low.

• Spay/neuter all cats to reduce aggression.
• Introduce new cats slowly and carefully.
• Monitor for any aggression and separate if necessary.

Human Safety: FIV cannot infect humans or other non-feline pets. Standard hygiene is sufficient.

Prevention and Adoption

How to Prevent FIV

1. Keep Cats Indoors: The single most effective measure.
2. Spay/Neuter: Reduces roaming and fighting instincts.
3. Test New Cats: Before introducing them to your home.
4. Supervised Outdoor Time: Use a secure catio or harness/leash only.

Vaccine Note: The FIV vaccine is not recommended in 2026. It is not considered core, can cause positive test results, and has limited effectiveness.

Myths vs. Facts

Considering Adoption of an FIV+ Cat

FIV+ cats are often overlooked in shelters but make wonderful, loving companions. Before adopting, discuss the cat's current health, history, and temperament with shelter staff. Be prepared for a commitment to indoor living and proactive healthcare.

Conclusion

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is a manageable condition, not a terminal diagnosis. The cornerstone of care is a safe, indoor lifestyle combined with excellent nutrition, preventive healthcare, and a vigilant, loving owner. By partnering with your veterinarian, you can provide an FIV-positive cat with the opportunity for a long, happy, and fulfilling life.

Last Updated: March 2026
This guide provides general information. Always consult your veterinarian for specific medical advice and a management plan tailored to your cat.