The Most Common Behavior Problem

Inappropriate elimination—urinating or defecating outside the litter box—affects approximately 10% of cats and accounts for millions of shelter surrenders annually. Understanding the distinction between behavioral and medical causes is essential.

Medical vs. Behavioral Causes

Always Rule Out Medical Issues First:

Seek a Veterinary Examination If You Notice:

• Sudden onset of the behavior
• Straining to eliminate
• Blood in urine or stool
• Increased frequency of elimination
• Vocalization during elimination
• Any accompanying signs of illness

Effective Litter Box Solutions

Follow the "N+1" Rule: Provide one litter box per cat, plus one additional box.

Optimal Box Specifications:

Addressing Common Box Problems:

Too Few Boxes:

• Can cause competition in multi-cat homes.
• Solution: Add boxes in different, separate areas of your home.

Wrong Location:

• High-traffic areas, near food/water, or difficult-to-access spots.
• Solution: Relocate boxes to quiet, private, and easily reachable locations.

Box Type Aversion:

• Covered boxes can trap odors and feel confining.
• Boxes that are too small or have high sides (problematic for senior cats).
• Solution: Provide multiple box style options to see your cat's preference.

Litter Aversion:

• Scented litter, sudden changes in litter type, or insufficient depth.
• Solution: Make any litter changes gradually over 7-10 days.

Cleaning Accidents Properly

Essential Steps:

1. Use an enzymatic cleaner (e.g., Nature's Miracle, Anti-Icky Poo) to break down organic matter.
2. Remove all odor completely, as cats will return to scented spots.
3. Block access to problem areas temporarily.
4. Place a litter box in the preferred location if the cat consistently uses one spot.

What to Avoid:

• Using ammonia-based cleaners (they smell like urine to cats).
• Punishing your cat (increases anxiety and worsens the problem).
• Rubbing your cat's nose in the mess (ineffective and cruel).

Aggression

Types of Feline Aggression

Play Aggression:

Characteristics:

• Biting and scratching during play.
• Ambushing from hiding spots.
• Targeting moving body parts (hands, feet).
• Common in kittens and young cats.

Causes:

• Insufficient appropriate play outlets.
• History of rough play with hands/feet.
• Under-stimulation and boredom.
• "Single-cat syndrome" with no feline playmate.

Solutions:

• Never use your hands or feet as toys.
• Schedule 2-3 daily interactive play sessions with wand toys.
• Rotate toys to maintain interest.
• Use puzzle feeders for mental stimulation.
• Implement brief time-outs when play gets too rough.
• Consider a second cat as an appropriate play partner (with proper introduction).

Fear-Based Aggression:

Characteristics:

• Defensive postures (crouched, ears back, tail tucked).
• Hissing, growling, swatting.
• May attack if cornered or feels trapped.
• Dilated pupils.

Causes:

• Traumatic experience.
• Insufficient socialization as a kitten.
• Punishment-based training.
• Forced interactions.

Solutions:

• Remove or avoid triggers when possible.
• Never force interaction; let the cat initiate.
• Use gradual desensitization techniques.
• Create positive associations with treats and calm praise.
• Provide ample safe spaces and hiding spots.
• Consult your vet about anti-anxiety medication if needed.

Territorial Aggression:

Characteristics:

• Directed at other cats entering perceived territory.
• Stalking, chasing, attacking.
• May target specific cats.
• Resource guarding (food, beds, litter boxes).

Causes:

• Poorly managed new cat introductions.
• Outdoor cats visible through windows.
• Insufficient resources (food bowls, perches, litter boxes).
• Inadequate or poorly defined territory.

Solutions:

• Implement slow, gradual cat introductions.
• Dramatically increase resources (follow the N+1 rule).
• Block visual access to outdoor cats with window film.
• Separate and reintroduce cats properly if conflict arises.
• Use Feliway multicat diffusers.
• Seek professional consultation for severe cases.

Redirected Aggression:

Characteristics:

• Sudden attack on a nearby person or cat who was not the initial trigger.
• Intense reaction that seems out of proportion.
• Cat remains highly aroused for hours.

Causes:

• Unable to reach the actual stimulus (e.g., an outdoor cat).
• Being in a high arousal state.
• Sudden interruption of intense focus.

Solutions:

• Never approach an aroused cat; give it space.
• Safely separate cats if aggression is redirected to a companion.
• Block outdoor visual stimuli.
• Allow 24-48 hours for the cat to calm completely before reintroductions.
• Work to prevent trigger situations.

Petting-Induced Aggression:

Characteristics:

• A purring cat suddenly bites or swats.
• Often occurs after a specific duration of petting.
• May show subtle warning signs first (tail twitching, skin rippling, ears flattening).

Causes:

• Overstimulation.
• Static electricity buildup.
• Underlying pain (arthritis, skin sensitivity).
• Individual low tolerance threshold.

Solutions:

• Learn and respect your cat's unique warning signals.
• Stop petting before the threshold is reached.
• Keep petting sessions short and sweet.
• Pet less sensitive areas (cheeks, base of ears).
• Schedule a veterinary examination to rule out pain.

Destructive Scratching

Understanding Normal Feline Behavior

Scratching is an essential, innate feline behavior that serves multiple purposes:

• Claw maintenance: Removes the outer nail sheath.
• Scent marking: Paws have scent glands.
• Visual marking: Leaves a visual signal.
• Stretching: Full-body stretch and muscle engagement.

Inappropriate scratching is not spiteful—it's a sign of unmet needs or poorly placed resources.

Solutions for Protecting Your Furniture

Provide Appropriate, Attractive Outlets:

Scratching Post Requirements:

• Tall enough for a full-body stretch.
• Sturdy and does not wobble or tip.
• Variety: Offer both vertical and horizontal options.
• Strategic placement near resting areas and problem furniture.
• Preferred materials like sisal rope, corrugated cardboard, or wood.

Placement Strategy:

• Near sleeping areas (to facilitate the stretching instinct upon waking).
• Directly next to furniture that is being scratched.
• In high-traffic family areas where cats congregate.
• Multiple locations throughout the home.

Making Furniture Unattractive:

• Apply double-sided tape (e.g., Sticky Paws).
• Temporarily cover with aluminum foil or plastic sheeting.
• Use commercial deterrent sprays.
• Make the furniture inaccessible when unsupervised.

Making Scratching Posts Irresistible:

• Spray with Feliway or sprinkle with catnip.
• Place treats or play with wand toys near the post.
• Offer enthusiastic praise and treats when your cat uses the post.

Nail Management Strategies

Regular Trimming:

• Trim nails every 2-3 weeks.
• Blunt nails cause significantly less damage.
• Use positive reinforcement to train your cat for acceptance.

Nail Caps (Soft Paws®):

• Soft plastic caps glued over the nails.
• Typically last 4-6 weeks.
• Prevent damage while allowing natural scratching behavior.
• Require proper application skill or a vet/groomer's help.

Never Declaw:

• Declawing (onychectomy) is the amputation of the last bone of each toe.
• Associated with chronic pain and behavioral complications (e.g., increased biting, litter box avoidance).
• Considered inhumane and is banned in many cities, states, and countries.
• Numerous humane alternatives exist.

Excessive Vocalization

When Meowing Becomes Problematic

Normal vs. Excessive: Some breeds (Siamese, Orientals) are naturally vocal. However, sudden changes, constant demanding meows, or yowling often indicate an underlying issue.

Causes and Solutions

Attention-Seeking Vocalization:

• Learned behavior (meowing gets a response).
• Insufficient mental/physical stimulation.
• Social isolation.

Solutions:

• Ignore demand vocalization (challenging but effective).
• Reward quiet, calm behavior with attention and treats.
• Increase daily enrichment and play.
• Implement scheduled, predictable playtimes.
• Consider a feline companion if appropriate.

Underlying Medical Causes:

• Hyperthyroidism (common in senior cats).
• Hypertension (high blood pressure).
• Cognitive dysfunction syndrome ("cat dementia").
• Pain or discomfort.
• Deafness (may meow louder).

Action Required:

• A veterinary examination is essential, especially for senior cats.
• Request bloodwork and a blood pressure check.
• Discuss a thorough pain assessment.

Environmental Causes:

• Hunger or anticipation of feeding.
• Dirty litter box.
• Blocked access to resources.
• Outdoor cats or wildlife visible through windows.

Solutions:

• Proactively meet all basic needs.
• Clean the litter box just before bedtime.
• Use timed automatic feeders for morning meals.
• Block visual access to outdoor triggers.

Eating Problems

Food-Related Behavioral Issues

Food Aggression:

Causes:

• Early weaning or orphaned kittenhood.
• Competition in multi-cat households.
• Previous experience with food insecurity.
• Medical issues that increase appetite (e.g., diabetes).

Solutions:

• Feed cats in completely separate rooms or stations.
• Use visual barriers (like a cardboard divider) during meals.
• Stick to scheduled feeding times rather than free-feeding.
• Employ slow-feeder bowls for fast eaters.
• Work with a behavior consultant on modification techniques.

Pica (Eating Non-Food Items):

Common Targets:

• Wool or fabric (sucking or chewing).
• Plastic bags or wrappers.
• Rubber bands, strings, ribbons.
• Houseplants.

Serious Dangers:

• Intestinal obstruction requiring surgery.
• Toxicity from plants or chemicals.
• Choking hazard.

Solutions:

• Remove all access to target items.
• Increase environmental enrichment and play.
• Discuss diet with your vet (some pica is linked to nutritional deficiencies).
• Complete a medical workup to rule out underlying issues.
• Consult a veterinary behaviorist for severe cases.

Nighttime Activity

Managing the "Midnight Zoomies"

Cats are naturally crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). However, nighttime racing, vocalization, and pouncing can severely disrupt human sleep.

Causes and Solutions

Insufficient Daytime Activity:

• Indoor cats sleeping all day due to boredom.
• Owners away at work, leaving the cat under-stimulated.

Solutions:

• Conduct an intensive, interactive play session right before your bedtime.
• Provide a puzzle feeder or food-dispensing toy at bedtime.
• Leave out safe automatic toys for daytime engagement.
• Create "cat TV" with bird feeders outside a secure window.
• Consider a second cat for companionship (with careful planning).

Hunger-Driven Wake-Ups:

• Early morning demands for food.
• Scheduled feeding can inadvertently reinforce the behavior.

Solutions:

• Use an automatic feeder set for a very early morning portion.
• Provide a small meal or treat-dispensing toy right before bed.
• If medically appropriate for your cat, consider free-feeding dry food.

Senior Cat Issues:

• Cognitive dysfunction causing disorientation at night.
• Vision/hearing changes leading to anxiety.
• Underlying pain (e.g., arthritis) that disrupts sleep.

Solutions:

• Schedule a senior wellness exam with your veterinarian.
• Use night lights in hallways and common areas.
• Provide extra-comfortable, orthopedic bedding.
• Discuss medication options with your vet if anxiety or pain is confirmed.

Compulsive Behaviors

Repetitive, Non-Functional Actions

Common Compulsions:

• Overgrooming to the point of hair loss (psychogenic alopecia).
• Wool or fabric sucking.
• Tail chasing or spinning.
• Excessive chasing of lights or shadows.
• Compulsive licking of surfaces or owners.

Potential Causes:

• Chronic stress and anxiety.
• Environmental conflict or frustration.
• Genetic predisposition in some breeds (e.g., Siamese, Burmese).
• Early weaning (linked to wool sucking).
• Environmental deprivation or lack of stimulation.

Treatment Approach:

• Identify and address underlying environmental stressors.
• Dramatically increase environmental enrichment.
• Create a more predictable daily routine.
• Use Feliway diffusers to promote calm.
• Crucial: Consult a veterinary behaviorist for diagnosis and a treatment plan, which may include anti-anxiety medication.

When to Seek Professional Help

Indicators for a Veterinary Behaviorist

• Aggression that has caused injury to people or other pets.
• Inappropriate elimination that persists despite implementing all environmental changes.
• Self-mutilation or severe overgrooming causing wounds.
• Severe anxiety or phobias (e.g., to noises) that impair quality of life.
• Any behavior problem that is significantly affecting the household's or the cat's quality of life.
• If you are considering relinquishing your cat due to behavior.

Finding Qualified Help

Veterinary Behaviorist (DACVB):

• Board-certified veterinarians with a residency in behavior.
• Can diagnose medical contributors and prescribe medications.
• The highest level of expertise for complex cases.

Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (CAAB):

• Hold an advanced degree (Masters or PhD) in animal behavior.
• Cannot prescribe medications but work closely with your veterinarian.
• Provide detailed behavior modification plans.

Certified Cat Behavior Consultant (e.g., IAABC):

• Specialized in cat behavior and training.
• Offer practical, hands-on solutions and coaching.
• Cannot prescribe medications; refer to vets for medical issues.

Prevention Through Understanding

Proactively Meeting Feline Needs

Essential Environmental Requirements:

• Safe territory with secure hiding places.
• Ample vertical space (cat trees, shelves, perches).
• Multiple, appropriate scratching outlets.
• Daily play that simulates hunting (chase, pounce, capture).
• Social interaction on the cat's terms.

Foundational Health Maintenance:

• Biannual or annual veterinary wellness exams.
• Proactive pain management, especially for seniors.
• Regular dental care.
• Species-appropriate nutrition and weight management.

Stress Reduction Strategies:

• Maintain a predictable daily routine for feeding and play.
• Introduce any changes (new people, furniture, pets) gradually.
• Use synthetic pheromone diffusers (Feliway) in stressful areas.
• Ensure each cat has its own safe space and resources.

Conclusion

Cat behavior problems rarely reflect an inherent "badness" in cats. Instead, they signal unmet needs, underlying medical issues, environmental stress, or simple miscommunication between two different species. The solutions in this guide emphasize understanding feline motivation, meeting their biological and psychological needs, and using positive, force-free approaches that preserve and strengthen the human-animal bond.

Investing time and patience in resolving behavior issues yields lifelong rewards: a harmonious home, reduced stress for all inhabitants, and a profoundly deepened relationship built on mutual understanding. Remember, seeking professional help is not a failure—it's a responsible and compassionate choice when challenges exceed your expertise or when your cat's well-being is at stake. Your commitment to understanding your cat's world is the ultimate demonstration of excellent and loving cat ownership.